January 1995: The Joint Council of Presidents of the newly formed Minnesota system (which includes Community Colleges, State Universities, and Technical Colleges) and the Minnesota Higher Education Board have passed intercollegiate athletics policies that include a commitment to gender equity. Section 2.6, Subpart 3 reads: MnSCU is committed to providing equal opportunity in athletics for male and female students. Each college or university with intercollegiate athletics must provide athletic opportunities for male and female students in numbers substantially proportionate to their respective enrollments or develop a plan to achieve equal opportunity in athletics in substantial proportion to enrollment.
1993: In a cost-cutting measure, the conference cut each school's
allotment of football grants-in-aid to 45 by 1996-97. Big Sky presidents
rescinded their action in the spring.
1995: Conference agreed to increase the number of officials working
women's basketball games from two to three, the same as men's games.
1996: First NCAA-member conference to agree to pay women's basketball
officials at the same rate as men's basketball officials.
Conference Presidents agreed unanimously to achieve a 60-40 male/female participation ratio by June 30, 1997. Part II of the plan--which has not been voted on--is to match the undergraduate population ratio by the year 2002.
The Big West Conference will add women's soccer as a championship sport in Fall of 1996, bringing the total number of championship sports to 18--10 for women and 8 for men.
1994: The conference has added women's lacrosse as a championship
sport.
1995: The conference will add men's & women's lacrosse as sponsored
sports. Men's competition will begin in Spring of 1996 and women's competition
will begin in Spring of 1997.
The conference will begin sponsoring women's golf as a championship sport in 1997-98. The addition increases the conference's number of sponsored championships to 18.
Conference voted to increase the number of female student-athletes by at least 3% per year. The Presidents rejected this concept.
The conference will add women's soccer as a league sport for the 1995-96 academic year.
The league has authorized a panel to study the idea of reducing football squad sizes to save money & make more room for women. The league had already passed a rule to go into effect in 1994 to cap at 90 the number of athletes who may participate in pre-season football practice.
Beginning in 1995, SEC schools will be required to provide a minimum of 2 more women's sports than men's sports. To encourage emerging women's sports, the SEC will offer championships for any sport in which one-third of the league's schools are participating. Also, the SEC requires equitable funding of men's & women's programs in all areas, including scholarships, recruiting, coaches' salaries, & support services. Each school must file a report indicating its compliance with Title IX by June 1994.
1995: Southland Conference introduced a three-part program, Athletics Certification Assistance Program (ACAP), to offer hands-on assistance to institutions in satisfying Division I athletics certifications requirements. The apparent lack of written gender equity and minority plans by institutions nationwide led to the component 'Commitment to Equity' which requires (1) an equity coordinator be designated, (2) a Title IX workshop attendance, and (3) the development of a broad-based campus panel to interact with the conference office in the development of an institutional plan to address gender and minority issues.
1988-89: University of Wisconsin System President requested that
each member institution submit a self-study using the NCAA Guidelines to
Title IX. These reports were due to the Commissioner's Office by December
1989.
December 1990: Each campus was to submit a plan of action and timetable
indicating how they would remedy inequities.
May 1991: Status reports requested.
December 1993: Second status report requested because many institutions
had not implemented corrective action.
Summer 1994: Outside consultant visited each institution. The conference
office provided a summary to each institution indicating what was missing
in previous reports, a written summary of all campus visits was given to
the System President.
1995: Each institution's Chancellor must provide an update and status
report to the President. Results have not been published.
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1997: CSU-Chico has announced that it has discontinued its intercollegiate football program, effective immediately. The university said the decision was based on the continuing "disintegration" of Division II football in California and the university’s move to the California Collegiate Athletic Association, which does not sponsor football; the high expense of maintaining a competitive football team in a league made up primarily of Oregon and Washington schools; the need for the school to meet its goals of providing equal opportunity for men and women in athletics; and low support and attendance at Cal State Chico football games.
1997: CSU-Northridge cut four men’s sports--baseball, volleyball, soccer, and swimming & diving--effective for the 1997-1998 season. The Sports Department faces an $800,000 debt and wouldn’t have been able to add three women’s sports to maintain 20 sports.
Elon College will expand its intercollegiate athletics program to 14 sports with the addition of women's golf which will begin play during the 1997-1998 academic year. Golf will become the seventh women's program.
1994: Florida University Chancellor Charles Reeds instructed
Florida State AD Bob Goin to provide a least three more cars to women's
assistants to correct inequitably distributed courtesy cars.
1995: Added soccer in Fall 1995--hired coaches and will phase in
scholarships. Increased softball coach's base salary to match baseball
coach's base salary. Increased women's athletic trainer salary to match
men's athletic trainer salary. As of 2/95, when women's basketball coach's
contract runs out, FSU is looking at increasing the women's coach to the
same base salary as the men's basketball coach.
The institution will elevate women’s rowing to varsity status and add men’s and women’s swimming in the fall of 1997, marking the first step in a four-year plan to bring the athletics department in compliance with gender equity. Currently, women comprise 43% of the athletes; however, women are 56% of the undergraduate population. The plan calls for 54% of the athletes to be female and receive 55% of the athletics scholarships by 2001. Rather than eliminating men’s sports, the university will raise student fees $3.50 per student per year and redistribute funds within the athletics department.
GSU has announced it will hire both the new men's basketball coach and women's basketball coach at a salary of $65,000. This is $20,000 less than the previous men's coach was paid and $20,000 more than the previous women's coach was paid.
After a biennial review by Faculty Standing Committee on Athletic Sports, Harvard will enter a 3-year plan to enhance women's athletics. Women's volleyball, ice hockey, & softball were elevated to Level I which means added coaching, access to practice facilities, & additional funds for travel to matches. Level I sports of basketball & lacrosse will receive added coaching support. JV softball was created. Thirteen of 20 women's sports are at Level I, increasing annual funding by $250,000. The athletics department hopes to add an athletic trainer or team physician. Harvard is in the middle of a Capital Campaign for entire University--the athletic portion of campaign is to work on endowing coaching positions for men and women. Also, the department has a green light from the University to fund raise endowment to cover the enhancement and elevation of the women's sports. Plans are to combine friends groups (booster clubs) into one fund raising group and endow the entire athletic program.
Indiana University will add women's water polo as a varsity sport for the 1997-1998 academic year, increasing the number of varsity sports at the school to 22, with eleven women's teams.
IUP will add men's and women's cross country and women's swimming/diving to the varsity sports effective in Fall of 1997. The additions will bring the athletics program to 12 varsity sports.
1993: Athletic Department Task Force recommended an increase
in athletic opportunities for women, the addition of at least 2 women's
scholarship sports within 5 years, & the joining of a conference with
a strong football program.
1995: Adding soccer in Fall of 1995 and at least one additional
sport in 2-3 years, probably softball, swimming, or crew. All women's scholarships
are to be upgraded to the maximum level, with funding coming from joining
a football conference and TV revenue directly related to that conference.
The college will begin a Division I women's ice hockey program for the 1999-2000 season. The women's team will join the men's ice hockey team as the two Division I sports sponsored by the Division II school. The addition balances the number of men's and women's sports offered at 11 each. (NCAA News, February 15, 1999)
Added soccer in 1993. University Gender Equity Committee recommended the addition of two more women's sports. Funding coming from an increase in annual giving and corporate sponsorship. Michigan is completing a field hockey and soccer facility and will build a new sports service facility which will house locker rooms etc. for additional sports.
Michigan State announced it is proposing to drop men's fencing and lacrosse from varsity to club status and to elevate women's crew from club to varsity. The change would give each gender 13 varsity sports. The move is first subject to a public hearing on 1/29/97. Women make up 52% of the student population. Of MSU's 686 athletes, only 40.5% are female. After the change, which will include altering the roster limits for other sports (adding female athletes and reducing male athletes), MSU is hopeful that women will make up 49.3% of the total athletes. In addition, MSU will add $400,000 to $450,000 in women's athletic scholarships over the next 4 years.
In an effort to achieve the Big Ten's mandate of a 60-40 ratio of male to female students, Minnesota will upgrade women's ice hockey from club to varsity. The team will consist of about 30 players, play a 14-25 game schedule in 1997-98, and will increase scholarships to 18 within the next six years.
The University has gone beyond the Big Ten Conference participation percentages for athletic participation. OSU has 34 varsity sports with nearly 800 participants. OSU has now met and exceeded the Big Ten Conference mandate of a 60-40 ratio of men to women by reaching a 59% male-41% female participation rate. Currently, OSU distributes $4 million in financial aid to athletes. In their continuing plan, OSU will be working toward maximum funding in women's crew, women's lacrosse, and men's soccer, and hopes to continue expanding participation for women's teams.
In response to the Big Ten mandate to reach a 60-40 male-female participation rate by 1997, PSU will:
The funding is to come from increased ticket prices for football & basketball and fund raising from the Nittany Lion Club to help cover scholarships.
The university will begin sponsoring women's lacrosse during the 1997-1998 academic year. The team will compete as a club team until 1998-1999, when it will be upgraded to varsity status.
1998: Providence College has announced the discontinuation of three men's sports teams as part of a plan to comply with Title IX. On October 7th, the announcement was made that the men's golf, tennis, and baseball teams will be eliminated at the end of the academic year. The discontinuation of these three teams is part of a four-year plan to bring Providence College into compliance with Title IX.
1995: On April 6, 1995, students at Sacramento State passed a financial referendum (62.2% in favor) to increase student fees to $45 a semester to pay for football and other sports in order to remain at the Division I level.
The school will add women's ice hockey as a varsity sport beginning with the 1998-1999 season. The school currently has a club hockey team. The team will increase the varsity sports to 11 for women, while maintaining 10 for men.
1995: San Francisco State University dropped football (last winning season, 1973) as part of a plan to satisfy the terms of a 1993 consent decree between the California State University System and California NOW which requires the percentage of female athletes to be within 5% of the school's female population. Moneys freed by the cut will help maintain the other 14 programs. SFSU has a 59% female population. Prior to the decision, 66% of the athletes were male. The university's target is 54-46 in favor of females. SFSU will also create a women's tennis team (Fall 1998) and add women to the teams of track & field, cross country, swimming, and softball. A number of male sports will also be capped. SFSU students had just voted to boost campus activity fees to $48 a year, in part to support athletics.
1993: Stanford has made a commitment to a multi-million dollar
Women's Sports Enhancement Program. In 4 years, 45% of Stanford's athletes
will be women. Three sports are to be added (synchronized swimming, lacrosse,
& water polo) at the rate of one per year, increasing the number of
scholarships from 73.3 to 102.5 by 1996-97. The university is also expanding
office facilities & locker rooms, adding a softball field, increasing
tutoring, adding medical & training facilities, & expanding publicity.
Money will come from aggressive fundraising, increasing the profitability
of the women's program, revenue expected from the 1994 World Cup soccer
matches, and increased football attendance. The total budget is approximately
$25 million.
1993: Stanford Women's Basketball Coach, Tara VanDerveer, receives
$130,000. After a scheduled $20,000 increase this year, she will be at
the same level as the men's coach.
1995: Stanford fields 17 women's teams & 15 men's teams. The
1994-95 budget was $22 million.
Syracuse announced that it has chosen to drop wrestling and men's gymnastics
to add women's softball. The decision was related to budgetary concerns,
according to AD Jake Crouthamel. The school rejected the alternative of
cutting back funding for sports which would make them only "marginally
competitive."
April 26, 1997: Thirteen weeks after being cut, wrestling has been
reinstated, at least for the next four years, operating on a budget of
$100,000 (not including scholarships). Current scholarships will be honored,
but no new ones will be issued. The old budget was $450,000, including
scholarships. Alumni supporters will have until 6/30/2000 to raise $2 million
for an endowment; if not achieved, wrestling will be eliminated.
1997: TSU has re-introduced women’s golf into their athletic program, starting in the 1997-1998 academic year. Tarleton State previously fielded a women’s golf program from 1988-1991, but that program was dropped because of a lack of competition in the area. Since 1991, school officials have said that women’s golf has enjoyed a growth in popularity.
The Board of Trustees voted to reject Athletic Director R.J. Johnson's recommendation to eliminate men's & women's gymnastics and baseball. Temple President Peter J. Liacouras stated cuts are needed to overcome Temple's $15 million budget shortfall. The board's vote followed the men's gymnastics coach's (Fred Turoff) plea to be given three years to attempt to make his program self-supportive.
1993: Marsha Sharp's salary was raised to $100,000 after her
basketball team won the 1993 Women's NCAA Title. Men's coach, James Dickey,
receives $108,000.
1995: Texas Tech added soccer in 1994 and will add softball in 1995.
1996: Tulane University's Board of Administrators approved a
$3.4 million appropriation for the athletics department for the 1996-97
academic year as a part of a strong commitment to Title IX and gender equity.
The appropriation represents a 518% increase over athletics current $550,000
allocation from the university and follows cutbacks that will trim $8.4
million from university budgets over the next four years. Tulane is also
adding women's soccer in 1996-97 and hopes to add another women's sport
in the near future. Much of $9 million raised in the past three years as
part of a five-year campaign to fund an athletic department upgrade plan
has been spent, so the appropriation helps place the athletic department
on firm financial ground. Expenses include upgrading salaries & recruiting
budgets in preparation for the move to the competitive Conference USA.
The athletic program sponsors 15 teams with a $13 million annual budget.
February 1996: The University Senate voted to condemn the governing
board's decision. The University is trimming $8.5 million from the university's
$450 million budget next year and plans to raise tuition by 4%, freeze
most faculty and staff salaries for one year, cut about 50 staff positions,
and reduce funds for undergraduate-student financial aid and graduate-student
stipends. A possible 25 additional positions will be trimmed to make up
for the extra athletic allocations. Approximately $1.5 million of the athletics
money will come from the university's endowment funds.
1996: After Bridgeport officials announced in the Fall of 1995 that the athletic program (nine varsity teams) would probably be sacrificed to balance the university budget, Bridgeport's governing board voted to borrow from a reserve fund to temporarily cover the athletic department's expenses. The board promised $1.6 million through 1996-97. The university has begun a fundraising campaign to repay the borrowed money. More than 30,000 letters have gone out to former students seeking support for athletics.
The institution conducted an internal gender equity review in December of 1993. As a result of this review, it was decided to add three women's sports (golf, water polo, and lacrosse) and place squad size limits on some of the men's teams. Some salaries and services have also increased. The student body is currently 52% males and 48% females. Males represent 66% of the athletic population compared to female representation of 33%. A women's golf coach was hired in October of 1994; varsity competition is scheduled for 1995-96. A water polo coach will begin in June 1995; the club team will be elevated to varsity status for the 1995-96 season. Lacrosse is scheduled to begin in 1996-97. The total budget for athletics is approximately $17 million.
UC-Davis faces a $35-million shortfall for 1993-94. A plan to reduce the deficit calls for the university to phase out all money that the Athletic Department gets from state general funds ($1.4 M) over the next three years, including that which covers most of the coaches' salaries. Also lost is $1.7 M in registration fee funding. Students have passed a referendum to raise $13.50 per student per quarter for athletics over the next three years.
Florida Board of Regents voted to increase the athletic fee $1.00 per credit hour, most of which will go to fund gender equity at UCF. Ninety-one percent of the increase will be used to provide about $597,000 in additional funding to meet gender equity. Money will be used to enhance existing sports in the areas of scholarships, coaching positions, and to improve overall operating expenses. Crew will be added in the Fall of 1995.
1993: The institution increased the women's basketball coach's
salary (Ceal Barry) by $20,000, to $78,000 for 1993-94. An increase to
$95,000 is planned for 1994-95, which is equal to the men's coach (Joe
Harrington).
1995: Golf was added in 1994-95, but the addition of soccer was
delayed until 1996-97 due to funding. The school increased participation
numbers in women's revenue sports but decreased men's numbers in non-revenue
sports to offset costs.
1995: According to President Harry J. Hartley, a disparity in
the percentage of females in the undergraduate enrollment and athletic
participation led the university to retain a consultant to study the athletics
program's Title IX compliance status. Analysis included operating budgets,
grants-in-aid, equipment, travel expenses, coaching salaries, recruiting
expenses, and office space. Women comprised 51% of the undergraduate enrollment
and only 38% of the student-athletes. The report recommends the elevation
of two club sports to varsity status--women's lacrosse & women's ice
hockey--and suggests decreasing the number of men on the XC & track
and field teams.
February 1, 1996: A University of Connecticut Board of Trustees
subcommittee announced a series of recommendations as a result of the consultant's
review: women's lacrosse and crew to become varsity sports beginning in
1996-97 and 1997-98, respectively; upgrade club women's ice hockey to varsity
status as football is elevated to Division I-A; & cap men's track and
field at 70 participants during 1996-97 (a 20% reduction).
1993: The institution entered the first phase of enhancing its
women's athletic program. An additional $200,000 was budgeted for 1993-94;
the 1994-95 budget was increased by $350,000. 1993 improvements include:
1) reallocation of five scholarships to women's program, 2) appointment
of assistant coaches in volleyball and basketball, 3) upgrading head coaches
to full-time in soccer and volleyball, and 4) increasing funds allocated
to advertising, promotions, & operating budgets.
1994: 1994 improvements include upgrading the women's lacrosse team
to varsity status. Plans are to increase the women's athletic budget from
33% in 1992-93 to 42% for 1995-96.
Georgia has promised head coaches of women's basketball and gymnastics a 68% raise next year. Andy Landers, basketball coach, will earn $97,500 (up from $58,000). Suzanne Yoculan will become the highest paid college gymnastics coach at $80,000 (up from $47,700).
April 1992: The University of Iowa Board in Control of Athletics
unanimously passed a proposal to give female student-athletes access in
proportion to their representation in the undergraduate student body within
the next five years. Iowa's undergraduate ratio is currently 49% men to
51% women.
July 1993: The institution has increased the salary of the women's
basketball coach, Vivian Stringer, to match that of the men's coach, Tom
Davis. Salary: $117,872.
September 1993: The university announced the decision to add women's
crew as an intercollegiate sport in the Fall of 1994.
1996: The university announced the decision to add women's soccer
as an intercollegiate sport in the Fall of 1997.
1994: Marian Washington has signed a four-year contract that
will bring her base salary in line with men's coach, Roy Williams, by the
third year. Previously earning $75,000, her new contract calls for $90,000
in 1995, $100,000 in 1996, and $110,000 in 1997.
1995: The University added two sports for women--rowing and soccer;
hired both head coaches; gave rowing three in-state scholarships, two out-of-state
scholarships; gave soccer three out-of-state scholarships; hopes to have
36-40 participants in rowing and 20 in soccer. Scholarships are being phased
in at 25% each year for both sports. Continued enhancements are being made
to the women's athletics program, to be funded through revenues from the
athletics department and an increase in student fees.
May 11, 1995: The University released a plan to increase the budget for women's sports by $724,000 by 1997 to bring the school into compliance with federal gender equity requirements. Cuts will not be made to the men's program. The funding will come from a dedicated share of ticket sales from the Alfond Arena sports complex, donations, and income from endowments.
May 1995: The University and women's basketball coach, Linda Hill-MacDonald, reached a four-year contract agreement (pending Board of Regents approval). Hill-MacDonald is to be paid $85,000 in the first year (retroactive to July 1, 1994), and is then eligible for standard raises over the three remaining years of the contract. The men's coach, Clem Haskins, receives a salary of $122,430.
UNH will eliminate baseball, men's golf, men's lacrosse, and women's golf after a review by the school's Athletic Advisory Committee, which began assessing the university's financial and competitive status in 1995. In addition, the university said the men's and women's ski teams must raise half of their budgets through fundraising within three years. Also, plans to start a women's softball team have been postponed.
The Intercollegiate Athletic Committee charged the athletic department to work toward equity in participation and grants-in-aid. As a result, one women's sport is to be added in five years and one or two more are to be added in the following five years, with total equity achieved in 10 years. Caps have been placed on several men's sports, including football, track and field, & wrestling.
1995: President Donald DeRosa announced that the university will drop its Division I-A football program to ease a $400,000 shortfall in the athletics department's budget.
The university will add women's softball beginning during the 1997-1998 academic year, bringing the school to 19 varsity sports.
The University will discontinue its men's soccer program, effective immediately. Men's soccer has been an intercollegiate sport at the school for 21 years. The change in sponsorship brings the total number of sports offered at South Alabama to 15. (NCAA News February 15, 1999)
1993: Head women's basketball coach Pat Summitt was awarded a
five-year contract at $130,000 a year. Men's coach, Wade Huston, gets $100,000.
1995: Completed gender equity study three years ago and made adjustments
in salaries. Golf was added two years ago, & softball and crew will
be added in the Fall of 1995, soccer in the Fall of 1996. Plans are to
fund gender equity through student activity fees, private funding for the
boat house, and an increase in football seating (90,000 football stadium
increased to 96,000). The men's contribution to the women's program will
increase from $1 million to $2 million.
1996: Summitt's contract extended through 2003; base salary is now
$135,000. Men's basketball coach gets $130,000.
1993: Jody Conradt receives $105,000 for her dual job of basketball
coach & women's athletic director.
1995: Texas added soccer in 1993. The University began construction
on a varsity soccer field. Plans are to add softball in 1995-96, and hire
a coach in 1994-95; scholarships will be phased in for both soccer and
softball. Women are encouraged to increase walk-ons and the men's program
is encouraged to reduce numbers. These changes will increase women's participation
to within 3% of undergraduate enrollment.
1993: Chris Gobrecht was given a 20% raise to $94,260 and a promise
she will earn the same as the men's coach, Bob Bender ($110,000), by July
1, 1995.
1995: Current participation numbers are 53% men, 47% women. Women's
soccer and softball were added. The University currently sponsors 12 women's
sports and 11 men's. Participation caps have been placed on men's sports.
The state legislature provided $600,000 when soccer and softball were added.
1993: The institution has increased the salary of the women's
basketball coach, Debbie Ryan, to match that of the men's coach, Jeff Jones--$106,000.
1995: The following changes occurred: upgraded other women's coaches'
salaries; upgraded five assistant coaches to full time; upgraded tennis
coach to full time; split field hockey and lacrosse coaching position into
two positions; elevated three women to administrative positions; spent
$200,000 on locker room renovation; will add crew in Fall 1995; increased
female participation level to 42% and scholarships to 42%; & enhanced
sports information and sports promotions. The University committed to an
increase in student fees. Some funding came from the athletic department
and its reserve funds.
Virginia Tech plans to spend $2.25 million to build a women’s softball facility for its newest sport. The field should be ready for competition in Spring 1998; 2.75 athletics grants-in-aid were made available for the team during the 1995-96 inaugural year, and the number will increase annually.
September 1996: WVU received $2 million from the state to help
construct a new indoor practice field which will help the university improve
athletics opportunities for females. WVU has an eight-page plan proposing
construction of a new multipurpose building, including an indoor practice
field. The plan includes the NCAA Certification committee's recommendation
to improve facilities for women's gymnastics and to add women's soccer
and softball.
December 1996: The University decided to keep its revenue from participation
in the football Gator Bowl in the athletics department to help finance
requirements of Title IX.
1995: In November 1994, the trustees of Western Michigan approved
the addition of five new women's sports and voted not to eliminate men's
tennis and soccer.
November 1995: Following recommendations of the Division of Intercollegiate
Athletics and the Athletic Board, the decision was made to phase out men's
gymnastics.
1995: The institution announced a five-year gender equity plan to go into effect during the 1996-97 academic year. Three women's teams will be added: golf, soccer, and swimming. Total women's teams now number 10. Four primary goals were identified in the plan: (1) develop consistent staffing for comparable sports; (2) establish budgets that fund men's and women's programs in a comparable fashion in terms of staff salaries, travel, recruitment, and operating expenses; (3) provide an equal number of scholarships for men and women in comparable sports programs; and (4) develop a five-year facilities plan to ensure consistency between comparable men's and women's sports programs.
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1996: Within the next five years, the world's 197 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) must achieve a minimum of 10% females at the decision-making level and at least 20% females within the next 10 years. The IOC has recommended the same targets for the International Sport Federations (ISFs) but has no enforcing power. The IOC itself will have to add at least four women by the year 2000 to reach the 10% goal. Anita DeFranz, the only female on the IOC executive board, is considered the catalyst behind this movement. There are currently six female presidents of NOCs and four ISF presidents.
1994: Following the passage of a state law mandating that the sports offered by schools must be in accordance with NCAA rules, the Kentucky Association passed a similar bylaw which would make an exception for schools in which the underrepresented gender votes otherwise.
The Association has ruled that the pole vault is not a girls' track and field event.
August 1996: The League voted to allow girls to tryout for baseball. The change was ratified by the State Board of Education on August 1, 1996. Girls will be allowed to try out for baseball teams starting in 1996-97. Girls will not be allowed to play baseball and softball at the same time, nor will boys be able to play girls' softball.
Spring 1994: The league responded to several student requests by barring girls from the pole vault.
Spring 1994: The association barred mixed-gender participation in all cases.
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